How to Use the French Preposition Sans

The French preposition  sans  means without, indicating a lack in general, an absence, privation or an exclusion.  It can be used with nouns, pronouns, and verbs, and it  appears in many French idiomatic expressions: to signify  without, to express a  condition and to use with an infinitive. Learn how to say homeless, otherwise, barefoot, and more with this partial list of expressions using  sans. There are many, many more. The word sans has also made its way into several English-language terms and expressions, such as  sans serif, describing a font without flourishes or serifs. To Indicate a Lack Il est parti sans moi.He left without me. Sans argent, cest difficile.Its hard without money. sans blagueseriously; all kidding aside; no kidding sans chaussuresbarefoot sans quoi  (informal)otherwise sans attendreright away sans aucun doutewithout a doubt sans additif  additive-free essence sans plomblead-free gasoline sans scrupulesunscrupulous To Say  What Didnt Happen Il est parti sans me parler.He left without saying anything to me.Elle est venue sans à ªtre invità ©e.She came uninvited (without being invited). To Express a Condition Sans mes amis, je serais triste.If it werent for my friends, Id be sad.Sans son assistance, nous ne pourrons pas finir le projet.We wont be able to finished the project without his help. When Used With an Infinitive sans savoirwithout knowing; without being aware   sans plus attendrewithout further ado comprendre sans comprendreto understand without fully understanding To Signify Without and  Translate as un____ Or ____less   un homme sans abrihomeless man sans coeurheartless une femme sans prà ©jugà ©sunbiased woman sans scrupulesunscrupulous

Effects of Antimicrobial Use in Concetrated Animal Feeding...

Introduction The development and dissemination of bacterial resistance to 3rd generation cephalosporin antimicrobials is of significant importance to public health and domestic livestock production alike. The World Health Organization recognizes the extended-spectrum cephalosporin antimicrobials as â€Å"critically important† and their use in food animal production is coming under increasing scrutiny (1). Reports of recovery of blaCMY-2 and blaCTX-M resistance genes in bacterial isolates from U.S. livestock, fresh retail meat, and human diagnostic samples represent a potential pathway for the selection and distribution of cephalosporin-resistant pathogens and subsequent zoonotic infection of humans (2-5). Background There is widespread concern†¦show more content†¦The annual report only contains information on total amount of antimicrobials sold each year and does not describe food animal species, indication for treatment, dosage, or route of administration (7). Further, a significant portion of the annual reported tonnage (28-30%) is made up of the ionophore antimicrobial class, which is not utilized in human medicine and is not likely to significantly contribute to antimicrobial resistance of bacteria of public health concern (8). The FDA reported sales of cephalosporin antimicrobials as 41,328 kg, 24588 kg, and 26,611 kg for the years 2009, 2010, and 2011 respectively (7). Figure 1 While the understanding of the contribution of antimicrobial use in CAFOs to resistant pathogens in human and animal infections is still developing, the precautionary principle is frequently cited in public health literature. This principle advocates the cessation of antimicrobial uses in food animal production which could negatively impact public health and has prompted a multitude of proposed and enacted regulatory restrictions of antimicrobial use in livestock species in the last two decades. The FDA has issued multiple orders restricting the veterinary use of fluoroquinolones and cephalosporins in food-producing animals in response to evidence of increasing prevalence of antimicrobial resistant bacteria in livestock and humans. These efforts have commonly targeted the extra-label drug usage

Loanable Funds Market in Australia free essay sample

1. Introduction: The Reserve Bank of Australia is considering an increase in the target cash rate by 25 basis points in the near future. It is the intention of this report to analyse the positive and negative impacts of a rise in interest rates on the loanable fund market in Australia. In order to analyse the impacts of an increase in interest rates on the loanable fund market, the reasons behind the possible rate rise in the near future will be looked upon. Charts and diagrams have been used to illustrate the intention of this report and it is hoped that by looking at these vital elements the intended user will be able to understand the issue more thoroughly and follow the analysis behind it and get a clear understanding of the issue. 2. Cash Rates of the Reserve Bank of Australia(RBA): The Reserve Bank’s monetary policy actions are directed towards influencing the level of interest rates in the financial system on order to achieve its economic objectives (Viney, 2005). Cash rates are the interest rate paid in the interbank market for exchange settlement account funds. The target cash rate can only be set by the Reserve bank, it is decided monthly when the board of the Reserve Bank (RBA) meets and considers various financial indicators from around the world and target inflation rate. The main purpose of the cash rate is to control inflation. Kruger Coorey (2007), state that The Reserve Bank has announced a 0. 25 percentage point increase in interest rates this morning to 6. 5 per cent. This increase has an influence on output, employment and prices through a number of complex, related channels which affect the cost and availability of funds to the business and household sectors. Source: Sydney Morning Herald, 2007. When there has been a change in the trend or level of cash rate, then the bill rates and commercial loan rates will adjust followed by mortgage and retail lending rates (Viney, 2005, p. 424). When the Reserve Bank of Australia wants to lower the cash rate, it supplies more cash than the banks like to hold, as a result they will lend more money to money market resulting in a fall in the cash rate. And if they want to raise the cash rate they do the exact opposite. The main objective of the RBA is to control the cash rate, as by doing this they control inflation, which is vital for the economy’s wellbeing. 3. The loanable funds market in Australia: According to Viney (2005), Loanable funds are the amount of funds available within the financial system for lending. 3. 1 The Loanable funds Model: In the loanable funds approach it is assumed that there is downward sloping demand curve for funds and an upward sloping supply curve for interest rates. The demand curve represents the demand for credit by borrowers and the supply curve represents the supply of credit by lenders (Evans,1999). Borrowers (represented by the demand curve) include consumer borrowers (credit cards, home loans, etc. ), businesses of all kinds (corporate borrowing, trade credit, etc) (Evans, 1999). Source: Evans(1999) Lenders (represented by the supply curve in the loanable funds model) include direct lenders, such as banks, mortgage companies, credit card companies (Evans, 1999). The supply of loanable funds comes from those who spend less than they earn, while the demand for loans comes from households, companies and governments who wish to borrow funds to make investments (Miller, 2004). The downward slope of the yield curve implies that the demand for funds will increase as interest rates rises and the upward sloping supply curve shows that an increase in the supply of loanable funds will allow interest rates to fall (Viney, 2005, p. 447). The interest rate(r) is determined by the equilibrium between demand and supply. Changes in the position of the demand and supply curves will result in changes in the rate of interest. Source: Viney,2005 At equilibrium, the quantity of funds demanded is equal to the quantity of funds supplied. If the interest rate in the market is greater than the equilibrium rate, the quantity of funds demanded would be smaller than the quantity of funds supplied. Lenders would compete for borrowers, driving the interest rate down. Similarly, if the interest rate in the market is less than the equilibrium rate, the quantity of funds demanded would be greater than the quantity of funds supplied. The shortage of loanable funds would result in upward pressure on the interest rate (Mankiw, 2001). 4. Effect of demand on Interest rates for Loanable Funds: The demand on interest rates for loanable funds affects the Household sectors, Business sectors and Government sectors. 4. 1 Household Sectors: The impact of a rate rise decreases the demand for the loanable funds from the household sector. As this foreseeable increase interest rate could add $50 to the monthly repayments on a $300,000 mortgage. This may discourage many new home buyers to differ from buying a house for now, due to the added costs of taking out a mortgage during a period in which interest rates are expected to be high. However, at present in Australia the demand for housing is positive and high. The household sector is doing very well, despite the Reserve Bank raising interest rates, said Westpac senior economist Andrew Hanlan (Bourlioufas Wires, 2007). This is so because the low petrol prices helped the household sector in doing well (Bourlioufas Wires, 2007). However, inspite of the household sector doing well Banks are likely to remove discounts for new customers first, while poorer credit risks will find it impossible to get home loans at all (Uren, 2007). If the interest rates keep rising then according to Mr Braddick, housing affordability will gradually deteriorate further in the year ahead and this would be a negative impact on the loanable funds market in Australia. Kruger Coorey, 2007). Therefore, consumers have to be careful n sure about taking a home loan at the moment as they might end up paying higher interest rates. 4. 2 Business Sector: A rise in the interest rates will effect the demand for loanable funds in the business sector. The higher the rate of interest, the lower would be the volume of funds demanded and the lower the rate of interest, the greater will be the volume of funds demanded. This is represented b y a downward sloping curve (Viney, 2007). According to Campbell(2007), the small business sector which employs about a million people and will bear the increased cost in regard to their mortgages and those people will bear the increased cost in regard to their borrowings as small businesses. Rise in interest rates is a blow to all hardworking small business people. Half the borrowings of small business people are at variable interest rates, and those people will be hit hard by a rise in interest rates. Businesses with borrowings of $200,000 will pay an additional $500 per year.

Span of Control free essay sample

Corporations often see a shift in executive teams throughout the course of their existence. Often times when during a company merger, acquisition, or a vote by the Board of Directors to replace the company’s leadership, a new style of management will emerge. Different leaders have various ideas on how the management of the company is to be handled. Some CEO’s like to have a small executive team, with separate areas of the business combined into segments and receive reporting through their direct reports, while others like to have a large executive team with a different leader for each business segment. With the number of different management styles out there, employees need to be able to adapt to these changes. In the example provided, the CEO of Fiat decided to flatten the management organization between Fiat and Chrysler. In doing so, the CEO increased the number of direct reports he had under his span of control. We will write a custom essay sample on Span of Control or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page In reducing the number of management levels, each of his direct reports had a broad area of the business to control and be responsible for. The move to flatten the span of control allows the business to bring out its employees talents, skills, and strengths. A move like this can be a positive one for the employees as it boosts morale and gives power to the employees of the business to collaborate and be a part of the company’s success (Griffin, 2012). Giving everyone in the organization the feeling of having a voice is a good way to keep all employees engaged and passionate about the company’s success. The change in the management structure promotes the business to the workforce and provides an opportunity for the management team to build on the success of its employees. While a flat management structure has some positives, there are also some issues that leaders should keep a watchful eye out for to ensure the shit in control is successful. Managers in a flat structure need to be sure to share any research or information they may have with others and not keep it secretive. If a manager can be open and even a little vulnerable, the success rate in using a flat structure can be positive (Griffin, 2012). The flat structure does cause managers to end up with a heavier workload and can lead to confusion among its leaders about who is responsible for what roles Griffin, 2012). When so many people are reporting to one manager, a sense of distrust can be built among the reporting chain. This is why it is important to keep an open dialogue with employees to keep their trust. Flattening the management organization reduces the company’s complexity. The span of control is spread out and reduces the centralization of authority. The defined structure of every employee’s roles and responsibilities is less controlled and more open. This allows everyone to approach their jobs with the freedom to accomplish tasks in their own way as long as they work is getting done. Every organization needs to evaluate the business and determine what span of control provides the best return for the company. If the business is one where the jobs require specific skills to accomplish tasks, a tall management structure may be the best suited for continuing progress. Organizations with jobs that allow a less defined skill set, a flat management structure provides the ability to tap every employee’s skills and achieve their full potential.